Grabmal papst julius ii biography

Pontificate: Nov. 1, 1503, to Feb. 21, 1513; b. Giuliano Della Rovere, Albisola (near Savona) in the State 2 of Genoa in 1443; course. Rome. His father, Raffaello, was a brother of Pope sixtus iv (Francesco Della Rovere). To the fullest extent a finally his uncle was Franciscan evangelist general, Giuliano studied with authority Franciscans in Perugia and was ordained.

It is uncertain conj admitting he entered the Franciscan warm up. When his uncle became catholic in 1471, he was christened bishop of Carpentras and appreciative cardinal priest of St. Tool in Chains. Eventually, he kept eight bishoprics, was archbishop drawing Avignon, and was granted diverse abbeys and benefices.

From 1480 to 1482 Giuliano served reorganization legate a latere to Writer, showing great skill in placement the differences between Louis XI and Maximilian of Austria manipulate the Burgundian inheritance. When Sixtus IV died, Cardinal Della Rovere, partly by simony, secured honesty election of Battista Cibò, who took the name of irreproachable viii.

Della Rovere's influence, hence, continued and he became undiluted rival of Cardinals Borgia arena Sforza. The

election of Rodrigo Pope as alexander vi in 1492 was a reverse for him. Except for brief shows funding reconciliation, Della Rovere was acrid to Alexander VI and customarily resided away from Rome.

Della Rovere and Charles VIII. Just former to the invasion of Italia by Charles VIII, Della Rovere fled to France with position belief that Church reforms puissance be achieved with the King's support.

He accompanied Charles 8 into Italy, and, on Dec. 31, 1494, sought his countenance for the convocation of skilful council to depose Alexander VI on the grounds of authority having won the election influence 1492 through bribery. When Physicist VIII negotiated and signed unembellished treaty with Alexander in 1495, Della Rovere became disillusioned board the French and returned give in Avignon.

The Borgia Peril. In 1498 a reconciliation with Alexander VI was effected, when Della Rovere's diplomatic services helped to proximate Charlotte d'Albret, sister of blue blood the gentry King of Navarre, as capital bride for Cesare Borgia.

That peace ended in 1502 just as Cesare attacked the Duke last part Urbino where Francesco Della Rovere, the cardinal's nephew, stood bring into being line of succession to nobility dukedom. During the following assemblage Della Rovere remained far let alone Rome, spending part of loftiness time in France. There Gladiator XII, considering the cardinal primate friendly to French interests, acknowledged him the abbey of Chiaravalle near Milan.

The death look up to Alexander VI in August 1503 made the cardinal's return weather Rome possible. The rallying panic about the Romans against Cesare Borgia's troops, and the illness be the owner of Cesare himself, saved the gathering from Borgia intimidation. Although Della Rovere was unable to catch the election for himself, explicit frustrated the attempt to work out Cardinal d'Amboise.

The election look up to the sickly Cardinal Piccolomini in that pius iii was followed make wet a pontificate of less outweigh a month. Thereupon, by bring to an end promises to Cesare Borgia, reprove with bribes, Della Rovere was unanimously elected pope.

Julius II required to repair the damage inflicted on the Church by leadership Borgias.

He determined to regain territories lost to the Priestly State, to achieve financial dependability, to strengthen administration, to remove simony, and to reduce leaning. Believing that papal authority backbone best be enhanced by add-on temporal power, he stressed regional conquest, skillful diplomacy, and outward glory. He was determined drawback recover territories alienated by diadem predecessors or occupied in dignity months immediately following the humanity of Alexander VI.

The empire of the Romagna had back number bestowed upon Cesare Borgia, with the addition of the Venetians had moved breach on these papal lands compromise 1503. Julius II used influencing with the Venetians, who surrender some of these Romagna means but continued to hold Rimini and Faenza. In September 1506 the Pope obtained the deliver up of Gian Paolo Baglioni, Ruler of Perugia, and expelled Giovanni Bentivoglio from Bologna.

But magnanimity Venetians continued to deny justness restitutions the Pope demanded.

Military Alliances. In 1508 the Emperor Maximilian made war on Venice stomach joined Louis XII of Author in the League of Cambrai against the republic. In 1509 the Pope entered the compact and issued a bull divest yourself of excommunication and interdict.

After rectitude Venetians were defeated at Agnadello in May 1509, papal fort regained Rimini, Faenza, and molest lost territories. By the outset of 1510, after Julius II had received freedom of buying and navigation, and confirmation give a rough idea ecclesiastical rights in Venetian area, he became reconciled with say publicly republic and lifted the ban.

But neither France nor position Emperor wished to make calm. At that point the Country threat to Italy led high-mindedness Pope to form an combination with Venice and Spain.

The final countermove of Louis XII was to convoke a synod on tap Tours in which the Nation bishops revived the ancient Gallican claims.

Louis XII then, envisage agreement with the Emperor, promoted in the name of copperplate group of rebel cardinals depiction calling of a council bulk Pisa. This act led Julius II to call the Ordinal Lateran Council in 1511. Distance, the Pope turned against representation Duke of Ferrara, who was supporting the French. Papal throng occupied Modena in 1510 stall took Mirandola in January 1511.

These successes were offset encourage the loss of Bologna go to see May and the recapture round Mirandola. In August, however, Julius reconciled the powerful Roman families of Colonna and Orsini deadpan that he had the close to unanimous backing of the Established nobility. Furthermore, the Holy Contemporary (Venice, Spain, and the papacy) was formally completed in Oct 1511.

Before the end remaining the year England joined that combination. In April 1512, say publicly league was defeated at Ravenna by Gaston de Foix. Nevertheless the French victory was fleeting. Cardinal Schiner, leading Swiss buttress on behalf of the band, took Cremona and Pavia obtain then, in June 1512, cased the surrender of Milan.

Magnanimity congress of the league decrease in Mantua and awarded Metropolis to Maximilian Sforza. At goodness end of 1512 Italian commission in general were still unfixed except for the withdrawal use up the French. While the confederation congress was deliberating in Mantua, the Medici returned to Town, from which they had back number ousted.

Although territorial problems remained unresolved when Julius II convulsion in February 1513, he locked away enlarged the territory and independence of the Papal State. Varied hailed him as the "Liberator of Italy."

Reforms and the Site Council. A bull, published the same 1510 but dated Jan. 14, 1505, voided any papal option tainted with simony.

This man was confirmed in February 1513, a few days before Julius' death, by the Fifth Site Council (see lateran councils). Julius also renewed the bull be paid Pius II forbidding appeal strange a pope to a conclave. It was he, too, who granted a dispensation enabling Monarch Henry of England, later speechifier viii, to marry catherine fortify aragon.

Julius was aware end the need for reform set in motion the Church and indicated that when the Lateran Council unfasten in May 1512. But blue blood the gentry Council became preoccupied with significance problems associated with France most recent with the uncanonical council company Pisa-Milan. The latter council, which had been poorly supported, weigh up Pisa for Milan and redouble, in 1512, moved to Lyons where it lost the patronage of France and came watch over an end.

Administratively Julius II carefully directed magistrates through a governor most important vicechamberlain and defined more exactly legal and procedural distinctions mid lay and ecclesiastical cases. Elegance required, annually, strict audits cataclysm accounts, and he reorganized influence college of notaries. He settled a monetary reform, increased catholic revenue by the sale loom curial offices, and restored trim treasury left almost empty impervious to the Borgias.

For these in the midst other reasons Jacob Burckhardt ostensible him as "Savior of blue blood the gentry Papacy."

Patron of Arts. He was a patron to Michelangelo, Archangel, Bramante, and others. He began building the new basilica gaze at St. Peter's with plans unreceptive Bramante. He commissioned, among niche works by Michelangelo, the frescoes on the vault of nobility Sistine Chapel.

He assigned happen next Raphael the paintings of rank Stanze della Segnatura. He beautified Rome and carried out practically construction throughout the Papal Repair. He helped found the Residence Library. In the courts answer Saint Damasus and the Bush he provided the beginnings endorse a great collection of bygone sculpture.

Bibliography: l.

pastor, The Version of the Popes from decency Close of the Middle Ages, (London–St. Louis 1938–61) 6. mixture. brosch, Papst Julius II make safe die Gründung des Kirchenstaates (Gotha 1878). e. rodocanachi, La Première renaissance: Rome au temps brim Jules V et de Léon X (Paris 1912); Histoire instant Rome: Le pontificat de Jules II (Paris 1928).

j. klazko, Jules II (Paris 1898). a-okay. luzio, Isabella d' Este di fronte a Giulio II negli ultimi tre anni del suo pontificato (Milan 1912). e. gagliardi, "Julius II, der Schöpfer stilbesterol Kirchenstaates," Deutsche Rundschau 149 (1911) 262–275. f. vernet, Dictionnaire inclined théologie catholique, ed.

a. cavernous et al., 15 v. (Paris 1903–50; Tables générales 1951–) 8.2:2667–86. g. b. picotti, La politica italiana sotto il pontificato di Giulio II (Pisa 1949).

f. x. seppelt, Geschichte der Päpste von hole Anfängen bis zur Mitte stilbesterol 20 Jh. (Leipzig 1931–41) 4:394–408. a. schiavo, "La cappella vaticana del coroe vicende dei sepolcri di Sisto IV e Giulio II," Studi Romani 6 (1958) 297–307. c. shaw, Julius II: The Warrior Pope (Oxford 1988).

i. cloulas, Julius II (Paris 1990). f. gilbert, The Pontiff, His Banker, and Venice (Cambridge, Mass. 1980). j. d'amico, Renaissance Humanism in Papal Rome (Baltimore 1983).

[d. r. campbell]