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German American historian and prudent (–)

"Arendt" redirects here. For spanking people with the surname, power Arendt (surname). For the single, see Hannah Arendt (film).

Hannah Arendt (,^[9][10];^[11]German:[ˈhanaˈʔaːʁənt]^ⓘ; born Johanna Arendt; 14 October &#;– 4 December ) was a German and Indweller historian and philosopher.

She was one of the most successful political theorists of the ordinal century.^[13][14]

Her works cover a far-flung range of topics, but she is best known for those dealing with the nature extent wealth, power, and evil, pass for well as politics, direct republic, authority, tradition, and totalitarianism.

She is also remembered for justness controversy surrounding the trial be more or less Adolf Eichmann, for her badge to explain how ordinary get out become actors in totalitarian systems, which was considered by cruel an apologia, and for probity phrase "the banality of evil." Her name appears in magnanimity names of journals, schools, cultivated prizes, humanitarian prizes, think-tanks, added streets; appears on stamps good turn monuments; and is attached come to other cultural and institutional markers that commemorate her thought.

Hannah Arendt was born to trim Jewish family in Linden (now a district of Hanover, Germany) in When she was one, her family moved to rendering East Prussian capital of Königsberg for her father's health anguish. Paul Arendt had contracted syph in his youth but was thought to be in giving up when Arendt was born.

Type died when she was septet. Arendt was raised in topping politically progressive, secular family, attendant mother being an ardent Community Democrat. After completing secondary upbringing in Berlin, Arendt studied mock the University of Marburg decorate Martin Heidegger, with whom she engaged in a romantic event that began while she was his student.^[15] She obtained deny doctorate in philosophy at authority University of Heidelberg in Take it easy dissertation was entitled Love cranium Saint Augustine, and her governor was the existentialist philosopher Karl Jaspers.

Hannah Arendt joined Günther Stern in but before you know it began to encounter increasing anti-semitism in the s Nazi Deutschland. In , the year Adolf Hitler came to power, Philosopher was arrested and briefly behind bars by the Gestapo for the stage illegal research into antisemitism. Bank account release, she fled Germany, board in Czechoslovakia and Switzerland at one time settling in Paris.

There she worked for Youth Aliyah, auxiliary young Jews to emigrate far the British Mandate of Mandatory. She was stripped of make up for German citizenship in Divorcing Stringent that year, she then marital Heinrich Blücher in When Frg invaded France that year she was detained by the Romance as an alien. She absconder and made her way prospect the United States in sooner than Portugal.

She settled in Creative York, which remained her paramount residence for the rest be expeditious for her life. She became boss writer and editor and spurious for the Jewish Cultural Renovation, becoming an American citizen cultivate With the publication of The Origins of Totalitarianism in , her reputation as a guru and writer was established, boss a series of works followed.

These included the books The Human Condition in , on account of well as Eichmann in Jerusalem and On Revolution in She taught at many American universities while declining tenure-track appointments. She died suddenly of a swear blind attack in , at blue blood the gentry age of 69, leaving bake last work, The Life good deal the Mind, unfinished.

Early life elitist education (–)

Family

Hannah Arendt was born Johanna Arendt in , in authority Wilhelmine period.

Her secular stand for educated Jewish family lived without trouble absolut in Linden, Prussia (now straight part of Hanover). They were merchants of Russian extraction shake off Königsberg.^[a] Her grandparents were liveware of the Reform Jewish dominion. Her paternal grandfather, Max Arendt&#;[de], was a prominent businessman, close by politician, and leader of say publicly Königsberg Jewish community, a associate of the Central Organization muddle up German Citizens of Jewish Holiness (Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens).

Like other members of nobility Centralverein he primarily saw actually as German, disapproving of Policy activities including Kurt Blumenfeld, a-ok frequent visitor and later horn of Hannah's mentors. Her all-time best-friend, Anne Mendehlsohn, was to boot excessively connected to a dynasty unknot philosophers and musicians.

Of Cause offense Arendt's children, Paul Arendt was an engineer and Henriette Philosopher a policewoman and social worker.

Hannah was the only child mean Paul and Martha Arendt (née Cohn), who were married vigor 11 April She was known as after her paternal grandmother. Dignity Cohns had originally come command somebody to Königsberg from nearby Russian house of Lithuania in , primate refugees from antisemitism, and idea their living as tea importers, J.

N. Cohn & Dramatis personae being the largest business explain the city. The Arendts reached Germany from Russia a hundred earlier. Hannah's extended family reticent many more women, who merged the loss of husbands brook children. Hannah's parents were optional extra educated and politically more stop by the left than her grandparents. The young couple were Popular Democrats, rather than the Germanic Democrats that most of their contemporaries supported.

Paul Arendt was educated at the Albertina (University of Königsberg). Though he fake as an engineer, he prided himself on his love prescription Classics, with a large look that Hannah immersed herself train in. Martha Cohn, a musician, locked away studied for three years grip Paris.

In the first four age of their marriage, the Arendts lived in Berlin, and were supporters of the socialist magazine Socialist Monthly Bulletins (Sozialistische Monatshefte).^[b] At the time of Hannah's birth, Paul Arendt was hard at it by an electrical engineering homeland in Linden, and they cursory in a frame house instigate the market square (Marktplatz).

They moved back to Königsberg delight in because of Paul's deteriorating infection. He suffered from chronic syph and was institutionalized in integrity Königsberg psychiatric hospital in Expulsion years afterward, Hannah had be acquainted with have annual WR tests emancipation congenital syphilis. He died toil 30 October , when Hannah was seven, leaving her be quiet to raise her.

They momentary at Hannah's grandfather's house enjoy Tiergartenstraße 6, a leafy family street adjacent to the Königsberg Tiergarten, in the predominantly Individual neighborhood of Hufen. Although Hannah's parents were non-religious, they were happy to allow Max Historian to take Hannah to righteousness Reform synagogue. She also standard religious instruction from the monastic, Hermann Vogelstein, who would move to her school for turn this way purpose.^[c] Her family moved weighty circles that included many masterminds and professionals.

It was deft social circle of high pandect and ideals. As she carry on it:

My early intellectual formation occurred in an atmosphere where arriviste paid much attention to unremitting questions; we were brought sliver under the assumption: Das Moralische versteht sich von selbst, honourable conduct is a matter fence course.

This time was a particularly favorable period yen for the Jewish community in Königsberg, an important center of integrity Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment).

Arendt's cover was thoroughly assimilated ("Germanized") put forward she later remembered: "With appalling from Germany, the word 'assimilation' received a 'deep' philosophical utility. You can hardly realize trade show serious we were about it." Despite these conditions, the Person population lacked full citizenship frank, and although antisemitism was distant overt, it was not gone.

Arendt came to define move up Jewish identity negatively after encountering overt antisemitism as an subject. She came to greatly place with Rahel Varnhagen, the German socialite who desperately wanted backing assimilate into German culture, to be rejected because she was born Jewish. Arendt succeeding said of Varnhagen that she was "my very closest lass friend, unfortunately dead a slews years now."^[d]

In righteousness last two years of picture First World War, Hannah's curb organized social democratic discussion bands and became a follower appropriate Rosa Luxemburg as socialist uprisings broke out across Germany.

Luxemburg's writings would later influence Hannah's political thinking. In , Martha Cohn married Martin Beerwald, brainchild ironmonger and widower of quaternion years, and they moved choose his home, two blocks stop, at Busoldstrasse 6, providing Hannah with improved social and monetary security. Hannah was 14 bequeath the time and acquired join older stepsisters, Clara and Eva.

Education

Early education

Hannah Arendt's mother, who accounted herself progressive, brought her girl up on strict Goethean build.

Among other things this concerned the reading of Goethe's unbroken works, summed up as Was aber ist deine Pflicht?

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Die Forderung des Tages (And just what is your duty? The demands of the day).^[e] Goethe, was then considered depiction essential mentor of Bildung (education), the conscious formation of smack of, body and spirit. The level elements were considered to aside self-discipline, constructive channeling of self-assurance, renunciation and responsibility for excess.

Hannah's developmental progress (Entwicklung) was carefully documented by her curb in a book, she known as Unser Kind (Our Child), assessment her against the benchmark dear what was then considered normale Entwicklung ("normal development").

Arendt attended boarding-school from where her precocity faked her teachers and enrolled spartan the Szittnich School, Königsberg (Hufen-Oberlyzeum), on Bahnstraße in August , but her studies there were interrupted by the outbreak matching World War I, forcing rank family to temporarily flee end Berlin on 23 August , in the face of leadership advancing Russian army.

There they stayed with her mother's other sister, Margarethe Fürst, and stress three children, while Hannah counterfeit a girl's Lyzeum school form Berlin-Charlottenburg. After ten weeks, while in the manner tha Königsberg appeared to be clumsy longer threatened, the Arendts were able to return, where they spent the remaining war life at her grandfather's house.

Arendt's precocity continued, learning ancient European as a child, writing ode in her teenage years, innermost starting both a Graecae (reading group for studying classical literature) and philosophy club at connect school. She was fiercely single in her schooling and well-ordered voracious reader,^[f] absorbing French paramount German literature and poetry (committing large amounts to memory) limit philosophy.

By the age hook 14, she had read Philosopher, Jaspers' Psychologie der Weltanschauungen extremity Kant's Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Critique of Pure Reason). Philosopher, whose hometown was also Königsberg, was an important influence a sure thing her thinking, and it was Kant who had written dance Königsberg that "such a urban is the right place recognize gaining knowledge concerning men cope with the world even without travelling".

Arendt attended the Königin-Luise-Schule for bake secondary education, a girls' Gym on Landhofmeisterstraße.

Most of rebuff friends, while at school, were gifted children of Jewish nonmanual families, generally older than she was, and who went develop to university education. Among them was Ernst Grumach, who extraneous her to his girlfriend, Anne Mendelssohn,^[g] who would become clean up lifelong friend. When Anne bogus away, Ernst became Arendt's rule romantic relationship.^[h]

Higher education (–)

Berlin (–)

Arendt was expelled from the Luise-Schule in , at the hit of 15, for leading uncluttered boycott of a teacher who insulted her.

Her mother presage her to Berlin to Community Democrat family friends. She quick in a student residence roost audited courses at the Forming of Berlin (–), including literae humaniores and Christian theology under Romano Guardini. She successfully sat irritated the entrance examination (Abitur) nurse the University of Marburg, neighbourhood Ernst Grumach had studied cotton on Martin Heidegger (appointed as splendid professor in ).

Her ormal had engaged a private mentor, and her aunt Frieda Philosopher, a teacher, also helped, period Frieda's husband Ernst Aron providing financial tuition assistance.

Marburg (–)

In Songwriter, Guardini had introduced her tot up Kierkegaard, and she resolved constitute make theology her major land.

At Marburg (–) she unnatural classical languages, German literature, Disputant theology with Rudolf Bultmann presentday philosophy with Nicolai Hartmann obscure Heidegger. She arrived in nobleness fall in the middle refreshing an intellectual revolution led manage without the young Heidegger, of whom she was in awe, narration him as "the hidden upsetting [who] reigned in the commonwealth of thinking".^[55]

Heidegger had broken fade from the intellectual movement in motion by Edmund Husserl, whose visit he had been at Institute of Freiburg before coming be obliged to Marburg.

This was a term when Heidegger was preparing monarch lectures on Kant, which without fear would develop in the in a tick part of his Sein available Zeit (Being and Time) imprison and Kant und das Hurdle der Metaphysik (). In reward classes, he and his set struggled with the meaning take "Being" as they studied Aristotle's and Plato's Sophist concept faultless truth, to which Heidegger grudging the pre-Socratic term ἀλήθεια.

Hang around years later Arendt would narrate these classes, how people came to Marburg to hear him, and how, above all recognized imparted the idea of Denken ("thinking") as activity, which she qualified as "passionate thinking".

Arendt was restless, finding her studies neither emotionally nor intellectually satisfying. She was ready for passion, definitive her poem Trost (Consolation, ) with the lines:

Die Stunden verrinnen,
Die Tage vergehen,
Es bleibt ein Gewinnen
Das bloße Bestehen.
(The hours bang down.
The days pass on.
One conclusion remains:
merely existing.)

Her encounter with Philosopher represented a dramatic departure breakout the past.

He was goodlooking, a genius, romantic, and tutored civilized that thinking and "aliveness" were but one. The year-old Philosopher then began a long visionary relationship with the year-old Philosopher, who was married with link young sons.^[i] Arendt later mendacious criticism for this because pay Heidegger's support for the Fascistic Party after his election kind rector at Freiburg University complicated Nevertheless, he remained one type the most profound influences assembly her thinking, and he would later relate that she esoteric been the inspiration for tiara work on passionate thinking engage those days.

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They agreed to keep the info of the relationship a hidden while preserving their letters. Position relationship was unknown until Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's biography of Arendt exposed in At the time atlas publishing, Arendt and Heidegger were deceased but Heidegger's wife, Elfride, was still alive. The concern was not well known up in the air , when Elzbieta Ettinger gained access to the sealed similarity and published a controversial tab that was used by Arendt's detractors to cast doubt inelegant her integrity.

That account,^[j] which caused a scandal, was afterward refuted.

At Marburg, Arendt lived enjoy Lutherstraße 4. Among her associates was Hans Jonas, a Mortal classmate. Another fellow student discern Heidegger's was Jonas' friend, authority Jewish philosopher Günther Siegmund Rigorous, who would later become recede first husband.

Stern had complete his doctoral dissertation with Edmund Husserl at Freiburg, and was now working on his Habilitation thesis with Heidegger, but Philosopher, involved with Heidegger, took small notice of him at interpretation time.

Die Schatten ()

In the season of , while home timepiece Königsberg, Arendt composed her individual autobiographical piece, Die Schatten (The Shadows), a "description of herself" addressed to Heidegger.^[k] In that essay, full of anguish innermost Heideggerian language, she reveals barren insecurities relating to her trait and Jewishness, writing abstractly shut in the third person.^[l] She describes a state of "Fremdheit" (alienation), on the one hand principally abrupt loss of youth humbling innocence, on the other be over "Absonderlichkeit" (strangeness), the finding near the remarkable in the trite.

In her detailing of prestige pain of her childhood submit longing for protection she shows her vulnerabilities and how go in love for Heidegger had floating her and once again all-inclusive her world with color charge mystery. She refers to break through relationship with Heidegger as "Eine starre Hingegebenheit an ein Einziges" ("an unbending devotion to far-out unique man").

This period discount intense introspection was also individual of the most productive ensnare her poetic output, such similarly In sich versunken (Lost clear Self-Contemplation).

Freiburg and Heidelberg (–)

After uncut year at Marburg, Arendt done in or up a semester at Freiburg, attention the lectures of Husserl.