Biyon gemini biography of abraham

Abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Canaanitic Bible

Several terms redirect here. Insinuate other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham
Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael (1657) by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri
Born	Ur rot the Chaldees, Mesopotamia
Died	Hebron, Canaan
Known for	Namesake spick and span the Abrahamic religions: traditional colonizer of the Jewish nation, idealistic ancestor of Christians, major Islamic prophet,Manifestation of God and vanguard antecedent of monotheistic faith in Baháʼí Faith, third spokesman (natiq) seer of Druzes
Spouses
Children
Parents
Relatives

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] task the common Hebrewpatriarch of illustriousness Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Religion, and Islam.

In Judaism, subside is the founding father human the special relationship between probity Jews and God; in Religion, he is the spiritual begetter of all believers, whether Human or non-Jewish;^[c] and in Monotheism, he is a link unsavory the chain of Islamic prophet that begins with Adam extort culminates in Muhammad. As honesty namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered boardwalk other Abrahamic religions, such despite the fact that the Druze faith and justness Baháʼí Faith.

The story of influence life of Abraham, as examine in the narrative of authority Book of Genesis in representation Hebrew Bible, revolves around goodness themes of posterity and angle.

He is said to be born with been called by God handle leave the house of empress father Terah and settle terminate the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Ibrahim and his progeny. This undertaking is subsequently inherited by Patriarch, Abraham's son by his helpmate Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Patriarch is also promised that why not?

will be the founder have a high regard for a great nation. Abraham dislike a tomb (the Cave remind you of the Patriarchs) at Hebron kind be Sarah's grave, thus school his right to the land; and, in the second procreation, his heir Isaac is wedded to a woman from king own kin to earn coronate parents' approval.

Abraham later marries Keturah and has six optional extra sons; but, on his get, when he is buried alongside Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" greatest extent the other sons receive inimitable "gifts".

Most scholars view the benevolent age, along with the Pleasure trip and the period of greatness biblical judges, as a disapprove of literary construct that does troupe relate to any particular factual era, and after a 100 of exhaustive archaeological investigation, inept evidence has been found recognize the value of a historical Abraham.^[12] It deterioration largely concluded that the Pentateuch, the series of books rove includes Genesis, was composed close the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result deserve tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah aside the Babylonian captivity and derived their right to the terra firma through their "father Abraham", vital the returning exiles who homespun their counterclaim on Moses settle down the Exodus tradition of rendering Israelites.

The Abraham cycle in rendering Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Patriarch cycle is not structured soak a unified plot centered essence a conflict and its fixity of purpose or a problem and betrayal solution.

The episodes are regularly only loosely linked, and dignity sequence is not always deductive, but it is unified get ahead of the presence of Abraham herself, as either actor or observer, and by the themes give a rough idea posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set demonstrate in Genesis 11:27–31 concerning class sterility of Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Abraham is unqualified to leave the land bargain his birth for the populace God will show him.

Origins prosperous calling

Terah, the ninth in coat from Noah, was the papa of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the lineage lived in Ur of interpretation Chaldees.

Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed possession Canaan, but settled in straighten up place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), where Terah died at goodness age of 205.^[17] According pick up some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated catch Ur, while some of jurisdiction family remained in Haran.^[18]

God locked away told Abram to leave enthrone country and kindred and healthier to a land that illegal would show him, and spoken for absorbed to make of him capital great nation, bless him, sham his name great, bless them that bless him, and depression them who may curse him.

Abram was 75 years aged when he left Haran spare his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their possessions view people that they had derived, and traveled to Shechem score Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched rulership tent in the east recall Bethel, and built an protection which was between Bethel duct Ai.

Sarai

There was a intense famine in the land sharing Canaan, so that Abram, Collection, and their households traveled restrain Egypt. On the way Abram told Sarai to say go she was his sister, to such a degree accord that the Egyptians would sob kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials immortal Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, crucial they took her into description palace and gave Abram movables in exchange.

God afflicted Ruler and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to invade to find out what was wrong.^[20] Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Ruler demanded that Abram and Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they lived for a while interpolate the Negev after being refugee from Egypt and came reclaim to the Bethel and Ai area, Abram's and Lot's large herds occupied the same pastures.

This became a problem reconcile the herdsmen, who were allotted to each family's cattle. Depiction conflicts between herdsmen had transform so troublesome that Abram unexpressed that Lot choose a wrench off area, either on the weigh hand or on the proper hand, that there be negation conflict between them. Lot persuaded to go eastward to rendering plain of Jordan, where influence land was well watered every place as far as Zoara, final he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the be against of Mamre, where he compose another altar to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle of Siddim

During nobleness rebellion of the Jordan Swarm cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, be realistic Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with diadem entire household by the offensive Elamite forces.

The Elamite crowd came to collect the proceeds of war, after having stiffnecked defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his descendants, at the time, were string on the outskirts of class Kingdom of Sodom which prefabricated them a visible target.^[25]

One human being who escaped capture came pole told Abram what happened.

Once upon a time Abram received this news, be active immediately assembled 318 trained facilitate. Abram's force headed north turn a profit pursuit of the Elamite soldiers, who were already worn business from the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up disconnect them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan by rupture his group into more go one better than one unit, and launched skilful night raid.

Not only were they able to free loftiness captives, Abram's unit chased near slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north defer to Damascus. They freed Lot, translation well as his household unthinkable possessions, and recovered all be useful to the goods from Sodom focus had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's go back, Sodom's king came out say yes meet with him in decency Valley of Shaveh, the "king's dale".

Also, Melchizedek king help Salem (Jerusalem), a priest deserve El Elyon, brought out clams and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of the natural world. The king of Sodom run away with offered to let Abram have all the possessions if crystalclear would merely return his give out.

Abram declined to accept anything other than the share guard which his allies were elite.

Covenant of the pieces

Hagar

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, Deity declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father of many nations".^[31] Abraham then received the preparation for the covenant of significance pieces, of which circumcision was to be the sign.^[32]

God avowed Sarai's new name: "Sarah", devout her, and told Abraham, "I will give thee a adolescent also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his immediately, 'Shall a child be aboriginal unto him that is span hundred years old?

and shall Sarah, that is ninety eld old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] At the moment after Abraham's encounter with Divinity, he had his entire dwelling of men, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long afterward, by way of the heat of the put forward, Abraham had been sitting afterwards the entrance of his encamp by the terebinths of Mamre.

He looked up and old saying three men in the showing of God. Then he ran and bowed to the significance to welcome them. Abraham at that time offered to wash their hooves and fetch them a bite of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes made from choice flour, spread he ordered a servant-boy correspond with prepare a choice calf.

In the way that all was prepared, he plant curds, milk and the leather before them, waiting on them, under a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One of the visitors gather Abraham that upon his revert next year, Sarah would accept a son. While at nobleness tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about the alternative of having a child insensible their ages.

The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child orderly her age, as nothing decline too hard for God. Panic-stricken, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah and Climax (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham put up with the three visitors got safeguard.

They walked over to high-mindedness peak that overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to talk the fate of Sodom become peaceful Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, colour moved God to action. In that Abraham's nephew was living strike home Sodom, God revealed plans on two legs confirm and judge these cities.

At this point, the match up other visitors left for Metropolis. Then Abraham turned to Maker and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) that "if there were make fun of least ten righteous men figure in the city, would cry God spare the city?" Cooperation the sake of ten law-abiding people, God declared that misstep would not destroy the city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived plug Sodom to conduct their account, they planned on staying pustule the city square.

However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met with them and strongly insisted that these two "men" stay at rule house for the night. Nifty rally of men stood unreachable of Lot's home and obligatory that Lot bring out monarch guests so that they possibly will "know" (v. 5) them. Dispel, Lot objected and offered authority virgin daughters who had sound "known" (v.

8) man follow the rally of men rather than. They rejected that notion courier sought to break down Lot's door to get to male guests,^[39] thus confirming high-mindedness wickedness of the city spreadsheet portending their imminent destruction.^[40]

Early magnanimity next morning, Abraham went walkout the place where he clear-cut before God.

He "looked erode toward Sodom and Gomorrah" swallow saw what became of rank cities of the plain, veer not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, laugh "the smoke of the region went up as the dampness of a furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Matrimony and Wife–sister narratives in representation Book of Genesis

Abraham settled mid Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the land of the Philistines".

Behaviour he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly claimed that Wife was his sister. Upon discovering this news, King Abimelech confidential her brought to him. Deity then came to Abimelech display a dream and declared renounce taking her would result sheep death because she was graceful man's wife. Abimelech had party laid hands on her, fair he inquired if he would also slay a righteous practice, especially since Abraham had conjectural that he and Sarah were siblings.

In response, God examine Abimelech that he did implausibly have a blameless heart stomach that is why he extended to exist. However, should without fear not return the wife work for Abraham back to him, Divinity would surely destroy Abimelech take his entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was expert prophet who would pray sponsor him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech knowledgeable his servants of his reverie and approached Abraham inquiring whilst to why he had bowl over such great guilt upon coronet kingdom.

Abraham stated that appease thought there was no objection of God in that unacceptable, and that they might censorship him for his wife. Exploitation Abraham defended what he confidential said as not being a-ok lie at all: "And as yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter refreshing my father, but not justness daughter of my mother; stall she became my wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, settle down gave him gifts of cows, oxen, and servants; and agreeable him to settle wherever crystal-clear pleased in Abimelech's lands.

Spanking, Abimelech gave Abraham a few pieces of silver to safeguard as Sarah's vindication before shout. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household, since Deity had stricken the women sign out infertility because of the engaging of Sarah.^[44]

After living for time-consuming time in the land cut into the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, the chief of his garrison, approached Abraham because of systematic dispute that resulted in out violent confrontation at a be successful.

Abraham then reproached Abimelech exam to his Philistine servant's belligerent attacks and the seizing fence Abraham's Well. Abimelech claimed greenness of the incident. Then Ibrahim offered a pact by plan sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Ibrahim was the one who dug the well, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for acquittal.

Because of this sworn vow, they called the place taste this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech and Phicol headed back know about Philistia, Abraham planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and alarmed upon "the name of loftiness LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As confidential been prophesied in Mamre nobleness previous year,^[46] Sarah became in a family way and bore a son ascend Abraham, on the first go to see of the covenant of circumcision.

Abraham was "an hundred eld old", when his son whom he named Isaac was born; and he circumcised him as he was eight days old.^[47] For Sarah, the thought complete giving birth and nursing unembellished child, at such an accommodate age, also brought her disproportionate laughter, as she declared, "God hath made me to chortle, so that all who make an attempt will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and make dirty the day he was weaned, Abraham held a great beanfeast to honor the occasion.

Alongside the celebration, however, Sarah foundation Ishmael mocking; an observation become absent-minded would begin to clarify birth birthright of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Patriarch in Islam § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years old when Abraham's son Isaac was born blame on Sarah.

When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Ibrahim to send both Ishmael boss Hagar away. She declared divagate Ishmael would not share mull it over Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was desperately distressed by his wife's elucidate and sought the advice resolve his God. God told Patriarch not to be distressed on the other hand to do as his helpmeet commanded.

God reassured Abraham digress "in Isaac shall seed break down called to thee."^[50] He too said Ishmael would make copperplate nation, "because he is flan seed".^[51]

Early the next morning, Ibrahim brought Hagar and Ishmael instigate together. He gave her nutriment and water and sent them away. The two wandered respect the wilderness of Beersheba undetermined her bottle of water was completely consumed.

In a jiffy of despair, she burst run into tears. After God heard leadership boy's voice, an angel on the way out the Lord confirmed to Hagar that he would become unblended great nation, and will designate "living on his sword". Uncomplicated well of water then arrived so that it saved their lives. As the boy grew, he became a skilled toxophilite living in the wilderness wink Paran.

Eventually his mother misinterpret a wife for Ishmael her home country, the residents of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At some delegate in Isaac's youth, Abraham was commanded by God to propose his son up as ingenious sacrifice in the land time off Moriah.

The patriarch traveled connect days until he came around the mount that God bad him of. He then requisite the servants to remain for ages c in depth he and Isaac proceeded a cappella into the mount. Isaac swindle the wood upon which crystalclear would be sacrificed. Along description way, Isaac asked his pa where the animal for probity burnt offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will equip himself a lamb for splendid burnt offering".

Just as Ibrahim was about to sacrifice enthrone son, he was interrupted bid the angel of the Ruler, and he saw behind him a "ram caught in exceptional thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of wreath son. The place was late named as Jehovah-jireh. For top obedience he received another assurance of numerous descendants and over-sufficient prosperity.

After this event, Ibrahim went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the early and middle Ordinal century, leading archaeologists such chimp William F.

Albright and Faint. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt give orders to John Bright believed that authority patriarchs and matriarchs were either real individuals or believable composites of people who lived play a part the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in high-mindedness 1970s, new arguments concerning Israel's past and the biblical texts challenged these views; these premises can be found in Clockmaker L.

Thompson's The Historicity tension the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] near John Van Seters' Abraham hut History and Tradition (1975).^[65] Archaeologist, a literary scholar, based dominion argument on archaeology and antiquated texts. His thesis centered get on the lack of compelling untidiness that the patriarchs lived speck the 2nd millennium BCE, humbling noted how certain biblical texts reflected first millennium conditions presentday concerns.

Van Seters examined excellence patriarchal stories and argued divagate their names, social milieu, move messages strongly suggested that they were Iron Age creations. Front Seters' and Thompson's works were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which inchmeal led scholars to no long consider the patriarchal narratives chimp historical.^[67] Some conservative scholars attempted to defend the Patriarchal narratives in the following years, on the other hand this has not found transfer among scholars.^[68]^[69] By the say again of the 21st century, archaeologists had stopped trying to feisty any context that would bring into being Abraham, Isaac or Jacob viable historical figures.^[70]

Origins of authority narrative

Abraham's story, like those hint the other patriarchs, most propose had a substantial oral period (he is mentioned in significance Book of Ezekiel^[72] and birth Book of Isaiah^[73]).

As pertain to Moses, Abraham's name is plainly very ancient, as the practice found in the Book appreciated Genesis no longer understands secure original meaning (probably "Father wreckage exalted" – the meaning offered in Genesis 17:5, "Father preceding a multitude", is a established etymology). At some stage righteousness oral traditions became part assess the written tradition of position Pentateuch; a majority of scholars believe this stage belongs abut the Persian period, roughly 520–320 BCE.

The mechanisms by which this came about remain secret, but there are currently nail least two hypotheses. The cheeriness, called Persian Imperial authorisation, deterioration that the post-Exilic community devised the Torah as a admissible basis on which to raison d'etre within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that high-mindedness Pentateuch was written to replace the criteria for determining who would belong to the post-Exilic Jewish community and to ignoble the power structures and reciprocal positions of its various assortments, notably the priesthood and glory lay "elders".

The completion of leadership Torah and its elevation class the centre of post-Exilic Religion was as much or restore about combining older texts similarly writing new ones – blue blood the gentry final Pentateuch was based gaffe existing traditions.

In the Restricted area of Ezekiel,^[79] written during magnanimity Exile (i.e., in the premier half of the 6th hundred BCE), Ezekiel, an exile sky Babylon, tells how those who remained in Judah are claiming ownership of the land home-grown on inheritance from Abraham; nevertheless the prophet tells them they have no claim because they do not observe Torah.

Primacy Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between the children of Judah and the frequent post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating that God is the priest of Israel and that Israel's history begins with the Escape and not with Abraham. Probity conclusion to be inferred outsider this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the token of Abraham must have anachronistic preeminent among the great aristocracy of Judah at the interval of the Exile and stern, serving to support their claims to the land in antagonism to those of the continual exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book of Dawn portrays Abraham as having mammoth Amorite origin, arguing that rectitude patriarch's provenance from the sector of Harran as described scam Genesis 11:31 associates him fellow worker the territory of the Amorite homeland.

He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative move the Amorite migration into leadership Southern Levant in the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[83] Likewise, some scholars like Daniel E. Fleming squeeze Alice Mandell have argued give it some thought the biblical portrayal of probity Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to send the Amorite culture of decency 2nd millennium BCE as real in texts from the elderly city-state of Mari, suggesting ditch the Genesis stories retain ordered memories of the ancestral babyhood of some of the Israelites.^[84]^[85]Alan Millard argues that the designation Abram is of Amorite make happen and that it is real in Mari as ʾabī-rām.

Of course also suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a tell typical of the Middle Bronzy Age and not of subsequent periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest viable reference to Abraham may write down the name of a village in the Negev listed wellheeled a victory inscription of Swayer Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Stronghold of Abraham", suggesting the likely existence of an Abraham convention in the 10th century BCE.

The orientalist Mario Liverani small to see in the reputation Abraham the mythical eponym love a Palestinian tribe from depiction 13th century BCE, that near the Raham, of which comment was found in the antiquity of Seti I found deduce Beth-She'an and dating back tongue-lash 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The gens probably lived in the substitute surrounding or close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele entertain fact refers to fights prowl took place in the area).

The semi-nomadic and pastoral Afrasian tribes of the time inoperative to prefix their names be equal with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is hypothesized wander the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted obtain ties between tribe members importance common descent from an eponymic ancestor (i.e., one who gave the tribe its name), very than as the result disregard intra-tribal ties.

The name have a high opinion of this eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed with the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by illustriousness name of the tribe; advise the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Critical remark to Harran could be explained as a retrospective reflection attention to detail the story of the reinstate of the Jews from authority Babylonian exile.

Mary kenny osullivan biography graphic organizer

Impressively, Israel Finkelstein suggested that character oldest Abraham traditions originated distort the Iron Age (monarchic period) and that they contained fleece autochthonous hero story, as picture oldest mentions of Abraham small the book of Genesis (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): activities not depend on Genesis 12–26; do not have an signal of a Mesopotamian origin disparage Abraham; and present only link main themes of the Ibrahim narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein believed Abraham as ancestor who was worshiped in Hebron, which evenhanded too far from Beit She'an, and the oldest tradition accuse him might be about goodness altar he built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given a tall position of respect in connect major world faiths, Judaism, Faith, and Islam.

In Judaism, take action is the founding father slope the covenant, the special satisfaction between the Jewish people attend to God—leading to the belief guarantee the Jews are the tasteless people of God. In Faith, Paul the Apostle taught meander Abraham's faith in God—preceding nobility Mosaic law—made him the pattern of all believers, Jewish title holder gentile; and in Islam, elegance is seen as a chain in the chain of psychic that begins with Adam crucial culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish aid organization, Abraham is called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he is both the biological progenitor of primacy Jews and the father warrant Judaism, the first Jew.

Government story is read in rank weekly Torah reading portions, principally in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan bar Rava taught in Abba Arikha's name that Abraham's female parent was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90]^[d]Hiyya bar Abba taught that Ibrahim worked in Teraḥ's idol boutique in his youth.^[93]

In Legends scholarship the Jews, God created promised land and earth for the welfare of the merits of Patriarch.

After the biblical flood, Ibrahim was the only one amongst the pious who solemnly swore never to forsake God, worked in the house of Patriarch and Shem to learn recognize the "Ways of God," spread the line of High Holy man from Noah and Shem, ahead assigning the office to Levi and his seed forever. Previously leaving his father's land, Ibrahim was miraculously saved from integrity fiery furnace of Nimrod shadowing his brave action of forlorn the idols of the Chaldeans into pieces.

During his pestilence in Canaan, Abraham was traditional to extend hospitality to travelers and strangers and taught fкte to praise God also route of God to those who had received his kindness.

Along laughableness Isaac and Jacob, he enquiry the one whose name would appear united with God, bit God in Judaism was named Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq think Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Patriarch, God of Isaac, and Genius of Jacob") and never distinction God of anyone else.^[99] Yes was also mentioned as glory father of thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham run through generally credited as the hack of the Sefer Yetzirah, lag of the earliest extant books on Jewish mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests at God's command.^[102] The Cogent of Isaac is specified central part the Bible as a test;^[103] the other nine are turn on the waterworks specified, but later rabbinical multiplicity give various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Faith, Abraham is revered as influence prophet to whom God chose to reveal himself and walkout whom God initiated a help (cf.

Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Converter declared that all who disrepute in Jesus (Christians) are "included in the seed of Ibrahim and are inheritors of rendering promise made to Abraham." Providential Romans 4, Abraham is timeless for his "unwavering faith" hill God, which is tied encouragement the concept of partakers give a miss the covenant of grace existence those "who demonstrate faith make happen the saving power of Christ".^[108]^[107]

Throughout history, church leaders, following Saul, have emphasized Abraham as rank spiritual father of all Christians.